During the charge/discharge cycle of the battery, Li + continuously intercalates /deintercalates from the interlayer of graphite and forms the various lithium-carbon compounds.
Are lithium-ion batteries sustainable?
However, the sustainability concerns of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and next-generation rechargeable batteries have received little attention. Recycling plays an important role in the overall sustainability of future batteries and is affected by battery attributes including environmental hazards and the value of their constituent resources.
Can lithium-ion batteries be used as a stationary energy storage system?
Lithium-ion battery 2nd life used as a stationary energy storage system: ageing and economic analysis in two real cases. J. Clean. Prod. 272, 122584. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122584 Ramoni, M. O., and Zhang, H.-C. (2013). End-of-life (EOL) issues and options for electric vehicle batteries. Clean. Technol. Environ.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) need to be manufactured at speed and scale for their use in electric vehicles and devices. However, LIB electrode manufacturing via conventional wet slurry processing is energy-intensive and costly, challenging the goal to achieve sustainable, affordable and facile manufacturing of high-performance LIBs.
Do lithium-ion batteries need to be made at speed?
Nature Reviews Clean Technology (2025) Cite this article Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) need to be manufactured at speed and scale for their use in electric vehicles and devices.
These batteries have many viable applications in a second life format; for example, to provide an energy store within our grid energy networks, to complement the intermittent loading associated with renewable energy harvesting methods (Zhu et al., 2021a; Martinez-Laserna et al., 2018).
Recent studies have shown that lithium-ion EV batteries with 80% remaining capacity can still meet the daily travel needs of over 65% of US drivers (Saxena et al., 2015), indicating that the current EoL criteria may not be suitable, and that the industry should evolve to adopt EoL criteria that match the performance characteristics of LiBs.