Author links open overlay panelJinyu Chen a, Haoran Zhang b, Pengjun Zhao c d, Zhiheng Chen a,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2023.09.002Get rights and contentUnder a Creative Commons licenseopen accessCarbon neutrality has emerged as a global goal due to its pivotal role in addressing the challenges of global climate change. Before the United Nations Climate Summit was held in November 2020, 124 countries promised to reach net-zero emissions. Solar energy is one of the important renewable energy sources that significantly curtail carbon emissions originating from fossil fuels. According to previous research, approximately 60% can be reduced compared with coal-fired power generation. The promotion of solar energy is a promising strategy. According to the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Solar Photovoltaic (PV) report, the global annual solar PV generation will reach a remarkable 1300 TW·h in 2022, and this trend is set to continue its rapid expansion. However, the challenge of decarbonizing energy system within the confines of “PV only” solar energy system persists. The crux of this solution is the efficient storage of solar energy. The integration of battery technology has significantly enhanced the value of solar PV systems across diverse technologies, rate structures, and geographical locations. The incorporation of batteries into solar PV systems offers quite a few future prospects. The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) harmonizes seamlessly with the need for storage of solar energy. Against the backdrop of a global surge in EV popularity, a substantial influx of EV batteries is anticipated in the near future. Although these batteries may not satisfy the criteria for reuse in EVs after prol. The global shift towards battery EVs (BEVs) as replacements for traditional petrol and gasoline vehicles is gaining momentum. This transition is a crucial step in addressing climate change mitigation and achieving carbon neutrality. This shift is particularly vital because of the significant contribution of the transportation sector, which accounts for more than one-third of CO2 emissions. In the leading nations at the forefront of solar PV installations, the adoption of BEVs is experiencing a period of rapid expansion. In 2021, the world sold 4.60 million BEVs. To specify into regions, 1.30 million were sold in Europe, 2.96 million in Asia-pacific, 0.55 million in America, 0.02 million in Africa, and the Middle-East.Even the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has failed to cast a shadow on BEV sales. For example, global sales volumes in 2020 surged by 33% compared with 2019. Furthermore, these volumes were more than double in 2021, reaching 2.3 times that of 2020. By 2022, sales soared to a remarkable 7.3 million units, exceeding three times the figures for 2020. Reflecting these trends, McKinsey's projections suggest that by 2040, 70% of vehicles in Europe will be powered by electricity. These data underscore the undeniable momentum and global resolution to steer towards the future driven by electric mobility. The current trajectory of BEV sales and battery production indicates. After enduring harsh working conditions, including extreme temperatures, for several years, batteries often fail to meet the performance standards required for BEV operations. However, a significant usable capacity remains rendering it useful for other applications. Typically, BEV manufacturers offer battery warranty coverage for an average of eight years, which implies that batteries become reusable after this period, retaining approximately 70% of their original usable capacity. This massive volume of batteries presents a significant potential for storing generated solar energy. Following a series of industrial processes, these batteries are viable candidates for stationary energy-storage tasks.McKinsey's estimation suggests that the global capacity of second-life lithium-ion batteries can exceed 200 GW·h. If a proper market structure and policy support for reusing and renewing second-life batteries is established, the available storage capacity could be vast, making them an ideal choice for storing daytime solar energy. Current repurposing technologies and management strategies enable the repurposing of second-life batteries for highly reliable and efficient energy storage.One of the solutions involves dismantling battery packs into smaller modules o. Despite their substantial potential in many leading countries, barriers prevent the reuse of BEV batteries for storage of solar energy. These barriers stem primarily from technological limitations, safety concerns, legislative and regulatory issues, and structural market challenges.Various battery technologies bring difficulty in refreshing reused battery: Currently, there are numerous BEV manufacturers, including well-known names like Tesla, Toyota, Nissan, Hyundai, and Mini Cooper. Each manufacturer often employs distinct technological protocols to align with a specific product. These protocols encompass various aspects such as battery materials (lithium-ion, nickel–metal hydride, lead acid, and ultracapacitors), battery formats (cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch), and capacity. Even from the same manufacturer, different models use different batteries. This diversity presents a significant challenge in large-scale battery renewal processes that necessitate intricate assembly lines for renewal. With over 150 distinct BEV models currently available from different manufacturers and the anticipation of the global BEV market expanding, achieving mass renewal requires the establishment of standardized battery technology protocols.Comprehensive framework and standard for reused battery test: Given the intr.
