This comprehensive review investigates the growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a practical solution for environmental concerns associated with fossil fuel usage in mobility. The increasing demand for EVs underscores the critical importance of establishing efficient, fast-charging infrastructure, especially from the standpoint of the elec. In the current global scenario, an urgent imperative exists to address escalating environmental concerns, leading to an intensified quest for sustainable solutions to mitigate the adverse impacts of human activities. This imperative is substantiated by an expanding body of literature1,2. Within this overarching context, the transportation sector has emerged as an obvious contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily due to its dependence on fossil fuels. This reliance not only poses a formidable challenge to environmental sustainability but also perpetuates global oil consumption trends that are ecologically and economically untenable1.In response to these substantial challenges, electric and hybrid vehicles (EVs) have garnered prominence as viable alternatives in contemporary transportation. These vehicles leverage clean energy sources, exhibiting environmentally friendly characteristics that play a pivotal role in reducing pollution levels and curbing the carbon footprint associated with the transportation sector3. Despite encountering transient disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic, the collective progress achieved by the EV market, as evidenced by battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) sales surpassing two million units in 20193, instills optimism for sustained growth in the next decade. A more granular analysis of BEV volume. Over the past decade, a diverse array of battery-equipped vehicles has surfaced, categorically falling into distinct classes such as all-electric vehicles (AECs), hybrid electric vehicles (HECs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHECs). Additionally, there is a niche category of EVs powered by fuel cells, promising lower emissions and heightened efficiency, albeit hindered by challenges like the high cost of hydrogen production, infrastructure requirements, and limited commercial availability14.Toyota, Honda, Ford, Mitsubishi, BMW, Nissan, and Volkswagen are among the manufacturers. It primarily focuses on expanding its HECs and PHECs lineup, while Tesla emphasizes AEC models more. The main architectural characteristics of these three primary types of EVs are illustrated in Fig. 3.Power drive of EV (a) EV hybrid, (b) EV Hybrid Plug-in, (c) All-EV15.Full size imageThe penetration of EVs in the vehicle market has been increasing gradually, albeit at a slower rate compared to the total vehicle population worldwide. Several challenges have hindered the increasing use of electric vehicles, including range anxiety, slow charging times, higher Vehicle costs, a shortage of infrastructure for charging, and battery d. Charging stations are classified into various levels, where Slow charging, semi-Fast charging, fast charging, and ultra-fast charging are all available. Level I chargers are typically used at residential buildings, while Level II, Level III, and Level IV chargers exist in private and public areas, with varying charging speeds and capabilities. Table 2 illustrates the various charging levels and their applications, as discussed in references41,42,43,44,45.Full size tableTable 2 illustrates that ultra-fast charging stations (FCS) employ high DC voltage and current to enable faster charging and simultaneously accommodate a larger number of vehicles. This technological advancement positions FCS as a promising trend for the future of charging infrastructure worldwide, with expected widespread implementation and rapid adoption. By utilizing high DC voltage and current, FCS reduces charging times and enhances the capacity of charging stations to serve a greater volume of vehicles concurrently. This transformative approach to charging infrastructure has attracted great interest and investment because of its potential to shape the future of EV adoption and facilitate seamless integration.However,.
